Remember to enter notes next to your entries regarding diet, exercise, and stress level, so you can see the effects they may have your blood pressure.
This large-print version of the blood pressure log was designed to allow you to write larger and add more notes than the 2-column version. The Blood Pressure Chart can be a great aid in gaining control over your blood pressure, and ultimately your health. Medicine, herbal remedies, caffeine, exercise, diet and many other things can affect your blood pressure. Make sure to track these things in the notes next to your blood pressure entries. This may help you see what kind of affect they have.
You can take your blood pressure at anytime. The following tips will give you more accurate results:. View Blood Pressure Chart Data - full size. View High vs. Low Blood Pressure Chart - full size. PDF blood-pressure-log. In certain embodiments, the biological sample is a maternal biological sample. In certain embodiments, samples may be whole blood, bone marrow, blood spots, blood serum, blood plasma, buffy coat preparations, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, buccal swabs, solid tissues such as skin and hair, body waste products, such as feces and urine.
In other embodiments, samples may be lysates, homogenates, or partially purified samples of biological materials. In other instances, biological materials can include crude or partially purified mixtures of nucleic acids. In certain embodiments, the biological sample is serum, urine, sweat, cells, or cell free DNA.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the comparison step comprises using high-fidelity PCR and constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis to compare the fetal DNA to maternal DNA.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the comparison step comprises using at least about 96 tandem single nucleotide polymorphisms. In certain embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises the step of converting the nucleic acid molecules to a homoduplex state, as opposed to being in heteroduplex form.
This can be accomplished, e. In certain embodiments of the invention, methods such as mutation detection technologies can be used to analyze the tandem SNPs. In certain embodiments of the invention, the single nucleotide polymorphisms in each tandem single nucleotide polymorphism are each at most about basepairs apart.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the single nucleotide polymorphisms in each tandem single nucleotide polymorphism are each at most about 50 basepairs apart. In certain embodiments of the invention, at least one tandem single nucleotide polymorphism is located on the p arm of chromosome In certain embodiments of the invention, at least one tandem single nucleotide polymorphism is located on the q arm of chromosome In certain embodiments of the invention, the chromosomal abnormality is chromosomal aneuploidy.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the chromosomal abnormality is trisomy 13, 18 or In certain embodiments of the invention, the chromosomal abnormality is trisomy In certain embodiments of the invention, the chromosomal abnormality is an insertion mutation e. In certain embodiments of the invention, the chromosomal abnormality is a deletion mutation e. The deleted region could include a deleted gene. In certain embodiments of the invention, the methods can be used to detect chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome, which is associated with cardiac defects.
Chromosomal abnormalities include deletions associated with genetic syndromes and disorders such as the 22q11 deletion syndrome on chromosome 22, which is associated with cardiac defects. Other examples of chromosomal abnormalities include the 11q deletion syndrome on chromosome 11 and 8p deletion syndrome on chromosome 8, both of which are also associated with cardiac defects.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the fetus is a male fetus. In certain embodiments of the invention, the fetus is a female fetus. In certain embodiments of the invention, the fetus is a mammal.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the fetus is a human. In certain embodiments of the invention, the fetus is a non-human mammal. In certain embodiments of the invention, the fetus has been determined to be at an elevated risk for having a chromosomal abnormality. In certain embodiments of the invention, the fetal DNA is subjected to an enrichment step.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the fetal DNA is not subjected to an enrichment step. Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a method for identifying chromosomes, comprising comparing tandem single nucleotide polymorphisms on the chromosomes so as to identify the chromosomes.
Thus, the methods of the present invention are not limited to maternal-fetal analysis, but can also be applied to other situations, e. In certain embodiments of the invention, the methods further comprises, prior to the comparison step, determining a set of tandem single nucleotide polymorphisms for a specific chromosome. Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a system comprising packaging material and primers that specifically hybridize to each of the single nucleotide polymorphisms of at least one of the tandem single nucleotide polymorphisms identified herein.
Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a system comprising packaging material and primers that specifically hybridize flanking sequences of at least one of the tandem single nucleotide polymorphisms of the invention. Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a system comprising packaging material and at least one oligonucleotide that specifically hybridizes to at least one of the tandem single nucleotide polymorphisms of the invention. Certain embodiments of the present invention provide the use of HiFi-PCR to amplify nucleic acids, e.
In certain embodiments, the maternal biological sample is serum, urine, sweat, cells, or cell free DNA. Certain embodiments of the present invention provide an isolated nucleic acid sequence of the invention e. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences may be, e.
Thus, short haplotypes are used to detect fetal chromosomal abnormalities in maternal serum, e. To demonstrate this method, tandem SNPs for chromosome 21 are identified, heterozygosity of the tandem SNPs determined, the ability to detect fetal DNA from maternal serum demonstrated, and the ability to detect fetal chromosomal abnormalities in maternal serum demonstrated.
These tandem SNPs are useful in the diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities, for example, of trisomy Thus, certain embodiments of the invention provide the specific tandem SNPs, or combinations thereof, as well as their use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
The output of these experiments, e. These diagnostics are sensitive and specific. Certain embodiments of the invention are directed to methods of using the tandem SNPs for diagnosing chromosomal abnormalities. Certain embodiments of the invention are directed to compilations of the tandem SNPs e. Certain embodiments of the invention provide isolated nucleic acid sequences that comprise at least one of the tandem SNPs and compositions that comprise the isolated nucleic acid sequences.
An increasing number of fetal medical conditions can be successfully managed during the neonatal period if an early diagnosis is made. A variety of prenatal screening tools are available for chromosomal and birth defects. The two most commonly utilized non-invasive tools are ultrasound and measurements of maternal serum markers.
An ultrasound screening called the nuchal translucency test is becoming more common. The biological reason for these markers to be elevated or reduced in a percentage of mothers carrying children with trisomy 21 is not understood. Further, the test is only capable of assigning risk categories i.
Because of the inadequate sensitivity and specificity of currently available non-invasive tools, amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling CVS , both invasive procedures, remain the standard for the definitive detection of fetal chromosomal abnormalities.
Both of these procedures carry a 0. To solve this problem and meet the overwhelming need for an accurate non-invasive test, several strategies have been previously proposed by other investigators. These PCR errors stutters make peak area measurements difficult and thus the detection and quantification of low frequency fetal DNA in maternal serum not possible Dhallan et al.
In , a technology called constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis CDCE combined with high-fidelity PCR HiFi-PCR was developed to allow researchers to detect and quantify low frequency somatic mutations present in heterogeneous cell populations Khrapko et al. The separation is based on differences in the melting temperature and the resulting electrophoretic mobility differences as the DNA molecules migrate through a linear polyacrylamide matrix under partially denaturing conditions Khrapko et al.
As described herein, this technology can be applied to single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs , natural single basepair variations present in the genome, to separate alleles. CDCE is used in the present invention to screen tandem SNPs to increase the informativeness or heterozygosity of each CDCE assay by increasing the number of possible alleles or haplotypes available.
Through the use of tandem SNPs, a highly specific and sensitive assay for detecting fetal chromosomal abnormalities by simply comparing maternal serum to maternal buccal swabs has been created. As an example, Pyrococcus furiosus Pfu is a high-fidelity polymerase. The published error rate for Pfu is 1. Methods for improving PCR fidelity include, among others: A using a high-fidelity polymerase enzyme; and B the addition of chemical reagents e.
Genome Res. Zheng, Khrapko, Coller, Thilly, Copeland. Mutat Res. In certain embodiments of the invention, amplification, e. Nucleic Acids Res. This can significantly reduce the creation of heteroduplexes. The distance between SNPs generally is about basepairs or fewer, e. In another embodiment, hybridization on a microarray is used. In another embodiment, high-fidelity PCR is used and another method capable of detecting SNPs present at low frequencies is used e.
In another embodiment, high-throughput sequencing approaches, e. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogs of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof e.
Certain embodiments of the invention encompass isolated or substantially purified nucleic acid compositions. An isolated DNA molecule or RNA molecule may exist in a purified form or may exist in a non-native environment such as, for example, a transgenic host cell.
A reference sequence may be a subset or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence, or the complete cDNA or gene sequence. Generally, the comparison window is at least 20 contiguous nucleotides in length, and optionally can be 30, 40, 50, , or longer. Those of skill in the art understand that to avoid a high similarity to a reference sequence due to inclusion of gaps in the polynucleotide sequence a gap penalty is typically introduced and is subtracted from the number of matches.
Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Thus, the determination of percent identity between any two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm.
Smith et al. USA 90, Computer implementations of these mathematical algorithms can be utilized for comparison of sequences to determine sequence identity. Alignments using these programs can be performed using the default parameters. Higgins et al. Corpet et al. Welcome to NJ FamilyCare NJ FamilyCare - New Jersey's publicly funded health insurance program - includes CHIP, Medicaid and Medicaid expansion populations That means qualified NJ residents of any age may be eligible for free or low cost health insurance that covers doctor visits, prescriptions, vision, dental care, mental health and substance use services and even hospitalization.
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